簡易數控車(che)(che)床又叫經濟型(xing)數控車(che)(che)床,是(shi)在(zai)普通車(che)(che)床的(de)(de)基礎上發展起(qi)來的(de)(de),其自(zi)動控制系(xi)統主(zhu)要由單片機構(gou)成(cheng),通過(guo)控制程序,控制機床的(de)(de)縱向(xiang)及橫向(xiang)進給(gei)裝(zhuang)置及換刀(dao)裝(zhuang)置,自(zi)動完(wan)成(cheng)零件(jian)的(de)(de)加工(gong)。所以,簡易數控車(che)(che)床仍(reng)是(shi)機電(dian)一體化設備,因而在(zai)出現故(gu)障時也要從機床的(de)(de)機械結構(gou)和電(dian)氣控制兩個方面綜合分析(xi)。
1.程(cheng)序運(yun)行后步進電機抖動不轉
這一現(xian)象一般是(shi)步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)或其控制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)斷相造成的(de)。有可能是(shi)步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)本身故障也可能是(shi)其驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)路故障。首(shou)先(xian)檢(jian)查步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)連接(jie)(jie)插(cha)頭是(shi)否接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)良(liang)好(hao)(hao)(hao),若(ruo)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)良(liang)好(hao)(hao)(hao),可將*的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)調換過來,以便驗(yan)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)否良(liang)好(hao)(hao)(hao)。若(ruo)調換電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)后仍不能正常工作,則(ze)說明其控制(zhi)部分不正常,可檢(jian)查驅動板上的(de)大功率三極(ji)管及其保護元件釋放二極(ji)管,一般情況下,這兩個元件
2.程序運(yun)行中工作(zuo)臺突(tu)然停止
這一現象一般是(shi)(shi)(shi)由機(ji)械故障(zhang)引起(qi)的(de)(de),但也可(ke)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)控制系統(tong)發生故障(zhang)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)。這時可(ke)先(xian)將工作臺退(tui)回原點,重新啟動(dong)(dong)加工程序(xu),若(ruo)工作臺總是(shi)(shi)(shi)運行到(dao)某(mou)一位(wei)置(zhi)時停止,應(ying)該(gai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)傳動(dong)(dong)系統(tong)的(de)(de)某(mou)一部位(wei)損壞、變形或被異物(wu)(wu)卡(ka)住等(deng)。首先(xian)斷電,然(ran)后檢(jian)查絲(si)母(mu)與絲(si)杠間(jian)隙或溜板鑲條是(shi)(shi)(shi)否太緊(jin)、滾(gun)珠(zhu)絲(si)杠的(de)(de)滾(gun)珠(zhu)導槽(cao)內(nei)有無異物(wu)(wu)、絲(si)杠有無彎曲(qu)變形、步進(jin)電機(ji)減速器內(nei)柔性齒輪是(shi)(shi)(shi)否松動(dong)(dong)或異物(wu)(wu)卡(ka)住等(deng)。若(ruo)手動(dong)(dong)盤車(che)沒有異常,則(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)控制系統(tong)故障(zhang),應(ying)按照(zhao)故障(zhang)1進(jin)行檢(jian)查。
3.高速時步進(jin)電機丟(diu)步
可(ke)能是驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)壓降低,使(shi)步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)減小。應檢(jian)查(cha)驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)部(bu)分,當高壓開關三極管損壞后,高壓電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)天法(fa)接(jie)通,高速(su)時步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)減少而丟步(bu)。也(ye)可(ke)能某處(chu)機械故(gu)障,所以還應檢(jian)查(cha)絲杠、絲母、溜板(ban)、步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機減速(su)器(qi)等處(chu)。當有(you)部(bu)件(jian)彎(wan)曲、變形、或有(you)異物時會(hui)使(shi)運行阻力(li)(li)增大,低速(su)運行時現象不明顯,但高速(su)時則不能*克(ke)服運行阻力(li)(li)。
4.程序運(yun)行結束刀具(ju)不回零點
一般是控制系統故障(zhang)。刀具(ju)在進給或(huo)在加工時(shi)(shi),步進電(dian)(dian)機運轉(zhuan)速度較低,而程序(xu)回零(ling)點(dian)時(shi)(shi),則(ze)要求快速退回。步進電(dian)(dian)機高速運行,采用高壓(ya)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan),以使(shi)輸出轉(zhuan)矩增大。控制高壓(ya)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輸出的有(you)一開關三(san)極(ji)管(guan),當(dang)開關三(san)極(ji)管(guan)損壞后,高速回零(ling)點(dian)時(shi)(shi)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)打(da)不(bu)開,步進電(dian)(dian)機輸出轉(zhuan)矩不(bu)夠,致使(shi)刀具(ju)不(bu)回到零(ling)點(dian)。更換開關三(san)極(ji)管(guan)即(ji)可消除。
5.刀(dao)具返回零點時越位
一般是機械傳(chuan)動(dong)系統(tong)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)阻力(li)太大引起。切削進(jin)(jin)(jin)給時(shi),刀架低(di)速(su)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing),低(di)電(dian)壓驅(qu)動(dong),步(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)電(dian)機運(yun)(yun)(yun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩小,不(bu)足(zu)以克服(fu)阻力(li)造(zao)成(cheng)丟(diu)步(bu)(bu)。而(er)回零時(shi)步(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)電(dian)機高(gao)壓驅(qu)動(dong),運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)速(su)度高(gao)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩大,又(you)沒(mei)有切削阻力(li),步(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)電(dian)機不(bu)丟(diu)步(bu)(bu)。這樣去(qu)時(shi)丟(diu)步(bu)(bu)而(er)返回時(shi)正常(chang)就會(hui)造(zao)成(cheng)不(bu)回零現象(xiang)。這時(shi)可檢查(cha)步(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)電(dian)機減速(su)箱內傳(chuan)動(dong)齒輪或步(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)電(dian)機與絲杠之間(jian)傳(chuan)動(dong)齒輪上有無鐵(tie)屑異物,或溜板鑲(xiang)條(tiao)是否太緊使運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)阻力(li)增大等。
6.加工后(hou)的工件尺寸誤差(cha)很大
一(yi)種可能是絲(si)杠(gang)或絲(si)母與(yu)車床(chuang)(chuang)連(lian)接(jie)松(song)動(dong)。空走時(shi)沒有吃刀(dao)(dao)阻力,溜板(ban)運行正(zheng)常,加工時(shi)由于(yu)切(qie)削阻力增大,絲(si)杠(gang)或絲(si)母與(yu)車床(chuang)(chuang)連(lian)接(jie)處松(song)動(dong),造成加工工件尺寸漂移。緊固連(lian)接(jie)部分,故障即可消除。另(ling)一(yi)種可能是電動(dong)刀(dao)(dao)架(jia)造成。如果換(huan)刀(dao)(dao)后刀(dao)(dao)架(jia)不(bu)能自動(dong)鎖緊,切(qie)削時(shi)刀(dao)(dao)具偏離加工點,也(ye)會造成上(shang)述現象。這(zhe)時(shi)應檢(jian)查(cha)刀(dao)(dao)架(jia)鎖緊裝置及刀(dao)(dao)架(jia)控制(zhi)箱。
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